Background: CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS) is the most common upper extremity impingement neuropathy caused by median nerve compression within the CARPAL TUNNEL due to various conditions such as bone abnormalities, inflammation, trauma, neoplastic lesions and endocrinopathies. Increase in CARPAL TUNNEL pressure of more than 20 to 30 mmHg blocks the epineural blood flow; so, the nerve function is damaged. CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME is primarily a clinical diagnosis supported by electrodiagnostic studies; in recent years, different imaging modalities, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound, are suggested for diagnosis of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.Methods: During November 2011 and May 2013, 84 patients clinically suspicious for CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME were enrolled in our study; the age of patients ranged from 19 to 66 with the average of 43 years and the sex ratio of women to men was 2.7: 1. All the patients underwent electerodiagnostic tests (EDT) as the gold standard diagnostic modality and the results of color Doppler sonography (CDS) were compared with electerodiagnostic findings.Findings: According to the ecterodiagnostic tests, patients with positive results of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME were divided into three groups of severity including mild with 9 patients (11%), moderate with 14 cases (17%) and severe with 18 patients (21%). Sensitivity of color Doppler sonography for diagnosis of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME was almost 83%, 71% and 55% in severe, moderate and mild groups of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME, respectively.Specificity of this imaging modality was determined near to 81% in all three groups of the patients.Conclusion: In addition to electerodiagnostic tests, which are considered as the modality of choice for diagnosis of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME, Doppler ultrasound can be a non-invasive imaging procedure for evaluation of patients that are clinically suspicious to this SYNDROME. Considering three groups of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME based on severity of electerodiagnostic signs, results of color Doppler sonography is more reliable in patients with severe signs.

Background: Compression of median nerve at CARPAL TUNNEL or CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS) is the most common entrapment neuropathy. Due to over use of hand in wheelchair users, it is possible that CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME be more prevalent in them. Complications of disease can be prevented with early diagnosis and treatment.Purpose: Comparison of relative frequency of CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME in wheelchair users with control group.Method and Materials: In this study, electrodiagnostic studies performed in 44 wheelchair user war handicaps and 44 control cases to detect CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME and its severity in them.Results: From 44 wheelchair users, 19 (43.2%) cases had CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME. Severity of SYNDROME was mild in 12 (27.3%), moderate in 6 (13.6%) and sever in 1 (2.3%) patients. In control group, only 2 (4.6%) cases had CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME with mild severity in 1 (2.3%) and moderate severity in another (2.3%). Frequency of CTS was significantly greater in wheelchair users (P<0.0001). Mean (SD) sensory peak latency was 3.7 (0.58) ms in wheelchair users and 3.1 (0.24) ms in control group (P < 0.0001). CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME was bilateral in 62% of affected cases.Conclusion: CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME is significantly more frequent in wheelchair users and its severity is frequently mild to moderate in them. Then periodic check-up of wheelchair users for this SYNDROME is recommended.

Background: CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME (CTS) is the most frequent entrapment SYNDROME of the upper limp, which leads to compression of the median nerve at the level of the wrist. Any early diagnosis based on the radiological and clinical findings is essential to find a risk factor preventing permanent nerve damage and functional sequelae. Objectives: The main aim of this study was to evaluate and determine trapeziohamate distance as a risk factor for incident CTS. Patients and Methods: The subjects in this case-control study were patients divided into an experimental group (n = 38) and control group (n = 23). Prospective study was conducted on 33 female and 5 male patients with CTS and 21 females and 2 males in control group. Subjects were selected from patients and their relatives who referred to our hand surgery department. In total, 61 subjects were examined. Gender and age as the personal factors, dominant hand, diabetes mellitus (DM), occupation and trapeziohamate distances were evaluated in all patients and control group. Mean values of trapeziohamate distance as a risk factor for experimental and control groups were measured. Levene’ s test and Student’ s t test were used to analyse the collected data using Statistical Package for Social Science. Results: The risk of CTS was higher in women and housekeeper. There was a significant difference between the two groups for trapeziohamate distance. The mean of trapeziohamate distance in control group (23. 39) was significantly higher than the mean of experimental group (21. 02). Conclusions: Our study confirmed that the incidence of CTS is higher in women and housekeeper and trapeziohamate distance is a dependent risk factor for the CARPAL TUNNEL SYNDROME.

Introduction: Candidiasis, as an opportunistic infection, is caused by the Candida species. Although Candida albicans is classified in the body as an endogenic flora, it plays an important role in creating Candida related diseases. Candida vulvovaginitis in pregnant women, diabetes mellitus patients and those using multiple antibiotics and contraceptive drugs demonstrates the high resistance of the organism against conventional medication. On the other hand, recurrent vaginitis disintegrates the long-term process of treatment in majority of the patients. The present research was done with the aim of determining the optimum conditions for susceptibility testing before retreatment of patients.Methods: 10 isolates of Candida albicans obtained from 31 suspected patients suffering from recurrent Candida vaginitis were incubated with ketoconazole at two pH of 7.2 and 5.5 and two temperatures of 35ºC and 27ºC. The Microdilution broth test technique was used. The RPMI 1640 medium within the 96 well microplates with range of 12 tests was used to determine the MIC50 , MIC90 and MFC of the drug.Results: The obtained MIC50, MIC90 and MFC for ketoconazole at these conditions (T=35ºC and pH=7.2) were 0.25 to 1 μg/ml, 1 to 4 μg/ml and 64 to ≥ 512 μg/ml respectively, while these values at 27ºC, pH 5.5 were 1 to 8 μg/ml, 8 to 64 μg/ml and 512 to ≥ 512 μg/ml, at 35ºC and pH 5.5 the values were 1 to 8 μg/ml, 4 to 32 μg/ml, 256 to ≥ 512 μg/ml, while at 27ºC and pH 7.2 the values were 1 to 2 μg/ml, 8 to 32 μg/ml, 128 to ≥ 512 mg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The obtained results confirmed that conditions with temperature of 35ºC and pH 7.2 resulted in better treatment outcomes than other conditions.